According to the article (8) of the group supplementary health INSURANCE regulation No. 74, which INSURANCE companies are required to comply with it from the beginning of 2011, INSURANCE companies are allowed to take medical check-up and examination from the small groups with less than 50 members, and with respect to the result of inspections, reject some of the firm’ s employees, or not to provide coverage for maternity cost and illnesses that have a previous history. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of this regulation on adverse selection in small FIRMS by using group health INSURANCE administrative data during the period of 2011-2016. In order to investigate about the hypothesis of the research, which states that the implementation of the article (8) of this regulation reduces the amount of adverse selection in small FIRMS, we use regression discontinuity design (RDD) method. Results of this study indicate that the implementation of this law has no effect on the reduction of adverse selection in small FIRMS. Furthermore, our findings show that this law motivates insured groups to increase the number of applicants for INSURANCE up to the level of the threshold (50 employees).

A central element in financial system of each country is its INSURANCE market. In fact, due to the important function of INSURANCE and its remarkable role in the life of individuals in our Islamic community, the thing which is considered as the most significant duties of authorities in the Islamic government is the attempt to satisfy the aims of Islam religion, among which are to remove poverty and also to improve the welfare status of the poor in the community, making use of INSURANCE instruments.Through combining cooperative mechanisms (which are in agreement with Islamic teachings) with INSURANCE mechanisms for the presentation of small INSURANCE products, the study wants to present a strategy the operationalization of which will certainly have a deserving role to provide INSURANCE coverage for the low-paid individuals (those who are not normally able to purchase INSURANCE products) in the community, and consequently to increase the welfare status of the dispossessed in the community. This will definitely affect the country's INSURANCE market to be more compatible with the spirit of Islamic teachings.

In the present study, we investigate and determine the effect of the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the cost of shareholders' equity of banks and INSURANCE FIRMS and Investments FIRMS, Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption on the Relationship Between Quality of Earnings and Cost of Equity, in banks and INSURANCE and investment FIRMS in Tehran Stock Exchange. The question of the present research phrase is Does the adoption of the IFRS modify the relationship between the quality of earnings with the cost of equity? In order to test the hypothesis of the research, multiple linear regression model has been used with generalized least squares method. Findings show In the period after the adoption of the IFRS The cost of equity has decreased The inverse relationship between the quality of earnings and the cost of equity is increased.

Objective(s): Health INSURANCE literacy (HIL) is the knowledge, ability, and confidence of people to find and evaluate information about INSURANCE plans, choose the best plan and how to use it. This study was conducted to examine the level of HIL among the insured person of the Iran Health INSURANCE Organization in Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with the participation of 309 insured person. The data were collected using a 27-item questionnaire that included three dimensions of access, INSURANCE terms, and performance skills. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Data analysis was performed in SPSS.24 using T-test and One-way ANOVA. Results: The mean score for access was 8.5±1.91, INSURANCE terms 10.21±2.46 and performance skill was 22.94±3.23. The overall mean HIL score was 41.64±6.22. The HIL status of 60% of the insured person was intermediate and 40% was low. The mean score of HIL was higher among people living in the northern region, those covered by the special diseases fund, those with a monthly less income, and those without supplementary INSURANCE. The HIL level was also higher among people whose source of INSURANCE information was friends and acquaintances (P<0.05). Conclusion: The majority of people had relatively low levels of HIL. Knowing the level of HIL and the factors that influence it can guide policy makers in developing educational interventions to remove barriers and improve HIL. Educational interventions through public media such as television, short videos on the websites and applications of INSURANCE organizations and social media, and the provision of INSURANCE information on waiting room monitors in medical centers are suggested to improve HIL.

Traditional approach to the firm size and its growth rate is based on comparative statics analysis and it does not really deal with the dynamics of growth. This paper takes a dynamic approach to investigate the relationship between firm size and its growth rate for Iranian INSURANCE FIRMS during 2003-2009. The study applies two ways to verify the validity of Gibrat’s law in Iranian INSURANCE industry. First way is to consider the independence of two important attributes of FIRMS including firm size and growth rates. The second way is based on panel regression estimation. The results of the study reject the validity of Gibrat’s law and indicate the fact that small FIRMS grow faster than their larger counterparts.

This research aims to test the presence of asymmetric information by using the dynamic information of automobile policyholders in Iran INSURANCE Company (IIC). The Conditional Independence test is conducted by Bivariate Probit model, the dynamic properties which are presented for bonus/malus system are tsted by a Dynamic Bivariate Probit model. Using a sample of 86637 policyholders in IIC, our finding conFIRMS a positive correlation between risk and coverage in Bivariate Probit Model, which supports presence of asymmetric information. Also, there is a negative correlation between claims in the periods of t and t-1 in Dynamic Bivariate Probit model, confirming that the behavior of INSURANCE policy holders is subject to moral hazard.

Objective: Intense competition among audit FIRMS will likely encourage auditors to find new clients. An audit firm tries to reach a good reputation in the society. Higher reputation audit FIRMS provide better audit quality service to their clients to protect their reputation in society. They do not tend to audit a firm known for management abuses or providing misleading financial reports. Besides, an incorrect acceptance decision by the audit firm can lead to legal claims and impose excessive costs on the auditor, as well as the loss of reputation of the auditor and public trust in the profession and financial reporting of companies. Paying attention to the good reputation of auditors and the client FIRMS and clients’ financial position is likely to be an effective factor in the auditors' acceptance or rejection decision. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of client FIRMS’ financial position, auditors’ and client FIRMS’ reputation on the rejection decision of client FIRMS by auditors. Method: The sample of this research contains 109 participants, including Iranian audit partners, managers and senior audit supervisors. In order to test the hypotheses, a quasi-experimental method is used. This study has a 2x2x2 mixed design. Two independent variables, including “reputation” and “financial position” of the client firm, are between-subjects variables, and the third independent variable is “auditors’ reputation”, a within-subjects variable. All the participants in the experiment were divided into four groups. Subjects in these groups receive different levels for the financial position of the client firm and auditors’ and client FIRMS’ reputations (profitable and unprofitable, reputable and disreputable) and provide us with their acceptance or rejection decision. In each scenario, the audit firm is asked to suppose that it would be considered for the role of a large auditor with a high reputation or a small auditor with a low reputation. Each participant assesses his tendency to accept the client's firm. Hypotheses are examined using multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results show that auditors’ and client FIRMS’ reputations and the client FIRMS’ financial position significantly affect the auditor's acceptance decision. In addition, changes in the reputation of client FIRMS do not affect the willingness of auditors with higher reputations to accept that client. As the client FIRMS' financial position improves, more reputable auditors' willingness to accept clients’ offers increases. Conclusion: To manage the reputation risk, large audit FIRMS should prevent accepting client FIRMS with a high risk. Besides, more reputable auditors usually have large client FIRMS, making them considerable income. Therefore, they might more easily reject client FIRMS who are not qualified for them. Also, audit FIRMS with a higher reputation are usually under the supervision of the government, shareholders and the public, making them more cautious in accepting new clients and avoiding clients who damage their reputation. In addition, the client firm's reputation is considered a factor affecting the auditor's acceptance decision. Auditors would not accept notorious clients as they know this would lead to reputational damage and threaten their independence.Due to the effect of the client’s financial position and profitability on the auditor's decision, we conclude that auditors perceive that a firm in financial distress or goes bankrupt may not be able to pay the auditors' fees and provide them with the necessary facilities, and for this reason, they refuse to accept it. Therefore, one of the factors considered in the acceptance decision would be the audit fee, which can be realized from the last annual financial statements. If the client does not have the ability to pay the fee, the audit firm should reject that client.This study makes the following contributions. First, despite doing research at the international level about the factors affecting the rejection decision of client FIRMS, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the factors separately and interactively in an experimental design. Second, This research provides interesting evidence about the impacts of the client FIRMS’ and auditor’s reputation, which may not be easily measured in archival research. Therefore, the findings of this study contribute to auditors’ Judgment and decision-making (JDM) quality literature. In order to reduce the risk of legal claims, it is recommended that audit FIRMS pay attention to the point that the financial information and the reputation of the client firm are closely related, and they should consider factors such as the company's disclosure quality, financial position and performance, cash flows, and corporate governance characteristics.